Coal & Petroleum.
1. What are Natural Resources?
- The materials that are present in nature and useful to humans to meet our basic needs are called Natural resources.
- Ex: Air, Water, Soil, Coal, Petroleum, Minerals Plant, Animals
2. How are Natural resources classified?
Depending on abundance and availability they are classified into Exhaustible Natural resources and Inexhaustible natural resource.
Inexhaustible Natural Resources | Exhaustible Natural Resources |
These are present in unlimited quantity in nature. | These resources are present in limited quantity in nature |
These resources are not likely to be exhausted by humans | These resources are likely to be exhausted over period of time by human activities |
Ex: Sunlight, air, water, rainfall, clay, sand ete. | Ex: Forest, Minerals, Coal, Petroleum, Wildlife, Natural gas etc. |
3. Difference between Renewable Natural Resources and Non renewable natural resources?
Renewable Natural Resources | Non Renewable resource |
These resources can replenish themselves by quick recycling & replacement within a time period | These resources cannot replenish themselves by quick recycling & replacement within a time period |
These resources are not likely to be exhausted. | These resources once used are lost forever. |
Ex: Soil, Forest, Wildlife. | Ex: Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas. |
4. Fuels: The materials that are burnt to produce the power or heat energy.
5. Fossils: remains of the death plants and animals buried under the earth millions of years ago are called as Fossils.
6. Fossil Fuels: Fuel like Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas are formed from the death remains of plants and animals buried under the earth millions of years ago. These are called as Fossil Fuels.
COAL
APPEARANCE: coal is a fossil fuel. It is hard and black in colour.
COMPOSITION:
Coal contain mainly carbon along with that Hydrogen, Oxygen and small amount of Nitrogen and sulphur is present.
WHERE THEY ARE FOUND:
They are found in deep cold mines under the surface of the earth in the form of coal beds.
LOCATION:
In Bihar, Jhar Khand, west Bengal, odhisha Madhya pradesh.
Jharia & Bokaro in Jharkhand Raniganj in west Bengal.
HOW COAL IS FORMED:
Coal is formed by gradual decay & compression of remains of plants & trees in absence of air
CARBONISATION:
It is slow chemical process of the conversion of dead vegetation (remains Of dead plants) into coal, under the high Temperature & pressure.
USES OF COAL:
- It is used in railway engines to produce Steam & run the engine.
- It is used in houses as fuel to cook food in chulhas.
- It is used in thermal power plants to produce electricity.
- It is used in industries to produce organic compounds such as Phenol, Benzene, Toluene, Napthalene
- By destructive distillation, they are used in manufacture of coke, coal tar, coal gas, ammoniacal liquor
DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION: (DD)
It is the process of breaking coal by heating. to high temperature in the absence of air
Coal → Coke + Coal tar+ Coal + Ammonia
What is Coke?
- It is tough, porous, greyish black substance.
- It is obtained by destructive distillation of coal.
- It is purest form of carbon (98%).
USES OF COKE:
- It is used in Iron & Steel industry to heat the furnace.
- It is used as reducing agent in extraction of metals from their ores.
- Coke is used in manufacturing producer gas (Co+N₂) & water gas (co+H₂)
COAL TAR
- It is black, viscous (thick) liquid with unpleasant Smell
- It is obtained by destructive distillation of coal.
- It is a mixture of more than 200 carbon compound
- By fractional distillation, from coal tar, important chemical substances such as Toluene, Benzene, Phenol, Napthalene are separated.
- These chemicals are used as starting materials in the manufacturing dyes, explosives, paints, Varnish, pesticides, plastic, synthetic fibres, etc.
COAL GAS:
- It is obtained by destructive distillation of coal.
- It consist of 3 combustible gases H2, CH4, carbon monoxide (CO)
- It burns to produce heat & hence it is of excellent fuel.
- Coal gas has high calorific value.
Ammonium Compounds:
- During destructive distillation of coal, ammonium compounds are produced, when they are dissolved in water, they form ammoniacal liquor.
- It is used in manufacture of Nitrogenous compounds.
PETROLEUM
APPEARANCE: Petroleum is dark coloured, thick oily liquid.
NAME DERIVATION:
- Petroleum is derived from greek language ” Petra” Means Rock and “Oleum” means Oil
- Petroleum means “Oil from Rocks”
COMPOSITION: Petroleum is a mixture of several hydrocarbons having one to more than 100 carbon atoms.
FORMATION:
- Over millions of years ago, under high pressure and temperature in the absence
- of air, the dead remains of plants and animals slowly converted to petroleum.
- Petroleum then passed through porous rock and got trapped between non porous rocks.
- A more volatile component called Natural Gas forms a cover over it.
OCCURANCE:
- Petroleum occurs deep under surface of earth between two layers of Impervious
- rocks.
- Natural gas occur above petroleum that is trapped under rocks.
- Layer of petroleum and natural gas is found above that water.
- Since they are lighter than water, they do not mix with it.
How Petroleum is obtained?
- First, the areas where petroleum is found is located by experts.
- At such places, “drilling rigs” machines that is used to drill holes in earth’s crust to obtain Petroleum.
- pipes are inserted until they reach petroleum deposit.
- Due to high internal pressure of natural gas, crude oil gushes out of pipes.
- By using certain pumps, Petroleum is pumped out.
Where is Petroleum found?
- Petroleum is found in Assam and Gujarat. It is also found in river basins of Godavari and Krishna.
- Petroleum is found under seabed at distance of 150 km from Mumbai called Mumbai High.
Petroleum refineries in India:
Chennai, Cochin, Mathura, Digboi, Mumbai, Hoyali, Haldia, Barauni etc.
World’s first oil well was drilled in Pennsylvania USA (1859).
CONSTITUENTS OF PETROLEUM: It is a complex mixture of Petroleum gas, Petrol, Kerosene, Diesel, Lubricating oil, Fuel oil, Paraffin wax etc..
REFINING OF PETROLEUM: The process of separating various or useful fractions of Petroleum is Known as Refining of petroleum.
Note: Scientist at New Mexico have produced fuel such as Petrol and Methanol using sunlight & CO₂.
LPG – Liquified Petroleum Gas (carbon atoms 3-4) – used as fuel in Home and Industries.
Gasoline/Petrol (5-9 carbon atoms)
- 1.Used as fuel
- 2) used as Solvent for dry cleaning clothes.
- 3) used for preparation of Petrol gas in labs.
Kerosene (10-12 carbon atoms)
- used as fuel in wick stoves
- Petromax light for lighting purpose
- special grade of Kerosene is used as aviation fuel in Jet aeroplanes.
Diesel ( 13-15 carbon atoms)
- used as fuel for heavy vehicles.
- To run water pumps for irrigation pumps
- Produce electricity on small scale.
Fuel oil (15-17 Carbon atoms ) used as industrial fuel for furnace and boilers.
Lubricating oil → (17-20 carbon atoms) used for lubricating machinery.
Paraffin wax (20-30 carbon atoms) used for making candles, cosmetics vaseline such as face cream, grease etc.
Bitumen (30-60 carbon atoms) used for making road surface & paint, damp proof foundation of building, coating underside of electric poles to prevent rusting.
Petrochemicals
- The useful substances obtained from Petroleum and Natural gas are called Petrochemicals.
- They are used in manufacture of synthetic fibres (Polyester, Nylon), rubber, plastics, perfumes, explosives etc.
- Petroleum is called as “Black gold”
Natural gas
- NG is important fossil fuel that occurs deep inside Earth, between two layers of
- impervious (non porous) rock or above Petroleum deposit
- Natural Gas is a mixture of lower HC (Hydrocarbons)
- It consists of mainly Methane.
- Butane & propane are present in small proportion.
- It acts as fuel and burns with blue smokeless flame without ash.
- It has high calorific value.
- In India, it is found in Tripura, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Krishna Godavari delta.
Uses of Natural Gas
- It is stored under high pressure as CNG (Compressed Natural Gas)
- It is used as fuel in bus, truck. It is less polluting.
- It is clean fuel, it produces only CO₂ & water and no ash.
- It is used in Power generation.
- It can be supplied from gas wells to homes & factories through network of underground pipelines & used directly for burning.
- This type exist in some parts of Vadodara
- (Gujarat) & some parts in Delhi.
- It is used as starting material for manufacture of chemicals & fertilisers.
- 7.Natural gas is used for manufacturing carbon black that is used in rubber industry as strengthening
- agent.
- Natural gas is used to obtain H₂ on industrial scale, is used to manufacture of Ammonia.
- Natural gas decomposes to form carbon & H₂ on strong heating in absence of air.
Limitations of Fossil Fuels:
Two main limitations are
- Limited availability.
- Air pollution.
Limited availability:
- It takes millions of years for conversion of dead plants and animals into Fossil Fuels.
- These resources cannot be replenished by themselves by recycling / replacement within a time.
- c) If we use these resources more,
- the known reserves of Fossil fuels will last only for few 100 years
- It leads to energy crisis.
Air Pollution:
- Burning of Fossil fuels produce CO2, CO, SO2 & Smoke. These gaseous products and smoke causes
- pollution.
- It leads to respiratory problems, suffocation and even death too
- 3.Acid rain- S02 produced during burning of fossil fuel combines with rain water to form H2S04 – polluted rain with H2S04 is acid rain.
- 4.Carbon di oxide is a green house gas that leads to ↑ in avg. temp of Earth. It causes global warming of polar ice caps.
- 5. Incomplete combustion of fuel result in formation of carbon monoxide & soot particles.
- 6. When we inhale Co, it combines with Haemoglobin to form carboxy hemoglobin as a result Haemoglobin is unavailable to carry 02 to body cells. It result in Suffocation.
- 7. Soot particles when it enters our body cause Cough, Sneezing, Asthma.
Note: Mining of coal & pumping out of Petroleum from Earth creates Hollow space in earth that result in collapse leading to earth quake.
CONSERVATION OF FOSSIL FUEL:
- We need to conserve if because they are limitedly available.
- Use only fossil fuel whenever necessary only.
- We should use renewable sources of energy like wind energy, solar energy, Hydro energy.
- We should use more fuel efficient machines.
- In India, PCRA – (Petroleum conservation Research Association) has laid certain rules for petrol/ diesel / CNG.
- Drive at constant & moderate speed.
- Switch off engines where u wait that is in traffic signals.
- Regular maintenance of vehicles.
TECHNOLOGY ADVACEMENT AND ENERGY CRISIS
The demand of energy is increasing due to new industries and rapidly expanding cities.
- Modern methods of agriculture require energy.
- Ex: Tractors, Tube wells, other agricultural implement
- Due to large number of electrical appliances & gadget at home lot of energy
- Ex: Electric motor, refrigerator etc.
- Various transportation, food processing storage require energy.
Conservation of Energy – The sensible and economic use of energy resource is called Conservation of Energy.
Judicious use of energy has 2 advantage
- It helps in developing technologies to meet energy requirement of growing population.
- It gives our scientists and engineers, more time to develop an efficient alternate source of energy.
Care for Environment:
- Use fan, light, a/c when needed.
- Use solar cooker, solar water heater, It is
- Renewable source of energy.
- Fuel efficient vehicles must be used & their engines are properly maintained.
- Regular maintenance of gas pipes, oil pipes, water pipes to prevent loss of resources.
- Use LED, CFL it consumes less energy.
- Use public transport instead of private vehicles.
- Use pressure cooker for cooking.
- Use efficient Smokeless chulhas in homes for cooking.